Welcome to Postal History Sunday on the GFF Postal History blog.
This week we will dispense with some of the introduction and do some housekeeping. For those who are unaware, I will have undergone surgery on April 28 to remove one of my kidneys, where a cancerous mass was found. It was important to me that I continue to offer a Postal History Sunday in the weeks that immediately followed that event, so I took the time to select some topics that were easier to write (for me) and got them written prior to the surgery so I could cue them up for automatic release. Assuming all went well during that surgery, I expect to return to my regular writing after I recover.
Until then, be well and I hope you enjoy what I offer here.
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When I first started doing the Postal History Sunday posts, I have to admit that I did not anticipate that they would get quite as deep as many of them have gone. If you look at my first PHS entry, you might be surprised if you compare it to some of the more recent entries, such as this one about the use of 1893 Columbian stamps on packages. There is no doubt that the more recent posts take much more effort than that first one did - but I don't regret doing the work and I certainly appreciate the feedback and kind words that have been sent my way as I keep this ball rolling.
This week, I wanted to come back to the
idea showing you how I "read" a cover so I can learn how it got from
here to there. To do that, I offer up this piece of letter mail from
1866 that was sent from Boston to London for a General W.F. Bartlett.
He apparently was not in London at that time so the letter was forwarded
on to Paris.
The Letter Enters the U.S. Mail System
The postage rate was 24 cents for a letter being mailed from the United States to the United Kingdom (England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales) for any letter that weighed no more than 1/2 ounce. The 24 cent stamp showed that the sender had paid the postage required. The postal clerk used a handstamp to deface the stamp with ink to prevent the stamp from being used a second time. Postal historians and philatelists call these cancellations. Some post offices used devices to cancel the stamp that had different designs - like the circle of V's shown here. Some collectors would call this a fancy cancel.
Some collectors love to pay attention to the amazing breadth of cancellation designs that have been used over the years. In fact, there have been people who have taken upon themselves to study and catalog all of the known postal markings for specific locations or time periods. For example, there is a book titled "Boston Postmarks to 1890" by Maurice Blake and Wilbur Davis. By looking at that book I can see that this particular cancellation was used in Boston at the time this letter was mailed.
If I had to take a guess, I would say that the letter was dropped at the main Boston post office where the foreign mail exchange office for that city was housed. That could explain the absence of a city postmark in black ink that would normally accompany the cancellation on the stamp.
The U.S. Exchange Office
If a letter was destined to leave the United States, it had to go to a post office that was designated as an exchange office for the destination country. In 1866, the year this letter was mailed, Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Detroit and Portland (Maine) were all designated as exchange offices for mail departing to the United Kingdom. The foreign letter office at these locations would place an exchange marking on the envelope like the one in red for Boston that is on this piece of mail.
An exchange marking often provides us with all kinds of interesting information. In this case, I can see:
- a date that tells us when the letter was scheduled to leave Boston (Feb 20)
- Br. Pkt. (British Packet) tells us the ship that would cross the Atlantic was under a contract with the British.
- that the letter was PAID in full.
- 19 of the 24 cents of postage were to be passed on to the British postal system.
That certainly is a good amount we can learn from one circular handstamp in red ink! And, speaking of red ink - that was essentially another indicator that the item was fully prepaid.
Once this marking was applied in the Boston Foreign Mail Exchange Office, the
letter was placed in a mailbag that would be destined for the ship once
the mail collection period closed. The bag would be closed securely -
not to be opened until it arrived at a corresponding exchange office in
the destination country.
Crossing the Atlantic
Postal
historians nowadays are fortunate that we have reference books to help
us find some of the information that would once have required digging
through numerous old newspaper archives to find. I will be forever
grateful for the efforts of Walter Hubbard and Richard Winter and the
book, North Atlantic Mail Sailings: 1840-1875.
It is because of their work that I can tell you this letter left Boston
on February 20 for New York City. At New York City, it was placed on
the Cunard Line's Australasian, which left on its trans-Atlantic voyage February 21st.
Above is the picture of the Australasian as it was rendered in the Illustrated London News
of October 24, 1857 (no. 884 vol XXXI). While the ship did run on
steam, it was also outfitted with masts and sails as a failsafe.
The British Exchange Office
If you guessed that London might be a British exchange office for mail from the United States, you get a prize!
Ok. It was a pretty easy guess, I know. But good for you nonetheless.
The
mailbag arrived in the London Foreign Letter Office and the mailbag was
opened. As each letter was processed, it received a London exchange
mark with a date that indicated the day the bag was opened. There were
actually a few different designs in use during the 1860s, but this one
is fairly common for 1866.
At this point, the mail would be sorted to go to its various destinations in the United Kingdom. This was due to be taken to the Baring Brothers - a large financial institution in London that often provided banking and mail forwarding/holding services for travelers.
Baring Brothers Serving as Forwarding Agent for Mail
The Baring Brothers were actually part of a fairly recent Postal History Sunday titled There and Back Again. But, as a brief recap, many financial firms provided services for travelers in Europe, such as banking services and mail holding or forwarding.
Putting it simply, a traveler would pay for this service and it would give those who wished to contact them an address where they could send their mail. It was then up to the forwarding agent (the Baring Brothers in this case) to either hold on to the mail until the traveler came to the offices to pick it up OR send it on to a location left with them by the traveler. That location was often with ANOTHER firm that also providing mail forwarding or holding services, as well as banking.
It is not hard to imaging that General W.F. Bartlett may well have left an itinerary with the Baring Brothers with instructions for mail forwarding as he traveled. Apparently, the instructions on March 5 was - "please send it to me while I am in Paris."
British Exchange Office with France
Baring
Brothers had their marching orders for any letters to the General. So,
once they had sorted out the mail they had received for their clients,
they probably sent one of their people to the post office to re-mail
everything that was to be forwarded.
The Lombard Street post office was probably a ten minute walk from the Baring offices in the Bishopsgate sector of London, so it wasn't all that far away. And, it just so happens that the Lombard Street post office could serve as an exchange office for mails to and from France. If you look closely at the marking above, the letters "F.O." stand for "Foreign Office."
Mail from the United Kingdom to France cost 4 pence for each 1/4 ounce in weight (7.5 grams). This rate was effective from Jan 1, 1855 to Jun 30, 1870.
It is interesting to note that the mail between the United States and the British system was rated as 24 cents for the first 1/2 ounce. So, it would have been very possible for someone to send a letter that would have qualified for a single letter that traveled overseas, but then possibly be a double weight letter from the U.K. to France.
Further evidence that this letter was paid in full for its new destination in Paris is the PD in an oval that appears at the top.
The French Exchange Office
By now, you are likely getting the hang of this. The letter had been placed in a mailbag at Lombard Street with other mail bound for France. The bag remained closed as it crossed the English Channel and was opened when it arrived at the French exchange office.
The marking placed on the letter is shown above and it reads "Angl. Amb. Calais G (or C) 6 Mars 66."
The "Angl." simply means it was mail received from England and the date was March 6, 1866. The "Amb. Calais" portion shows us something different than the other exchange markings. It turns out that this marking was applied while it was on board a mail car on the train from Calais, France to Paris. The mail convention between the French and British identified this train, in particular as an exchange office so mail could be sorted even before it reached Paris.
The back of this item has
a single, weak marking that shows it arrived in Paris on the same day
(March 6). This last marking would have been applied by the Paris post
office to indicate its arrival at the destination.
John Munroe & Company - Paris
John Munroe & Co was a banking firm that was established in New York and opened a subsidiary in Paris during the year 1851. They specialized in transactions between the French, British and Americans, which made their company a logical choice for a traveler from the United States.
General William Francis Bartlett's Travels
William Francis Bartlett (June 6, 1840 – December 17, 1876) turns out to be a fairly easy individual to track down in the annals of history. The Memoir of William Francis Bartlett by Francis Winthrop Palfrey was published in 1878 and is available for free on babel. For those who might become interested in his story, I suggest you go there. I, personally have only skimmed portions of the content as I was looking for specific information.
Bartlett was wounded multiple times during his service with the Union in the Civil War, losing his leg fairly early in the conflict. Despite this loss, he returned to duty and climbed the ranks, despite having to rely on a prosthetic leg to replace what he'd lost in battle. He was captured in 1865 when his prosthetic was hit by some sort of opposing fire and he could not retreat with his men.
He was still technically on active
duty in 1866, but his command had been "mustered out" (dismantled).
Apparently, he was able to secure leave from then Secretary of War
Stanton so he could travel in Europe for six months. The beginning of
his letter is shown below, but the entirety is presented starting on
page 168 of his Memoir.
At the time this letter arrived in London (March 5), Bartlett has begun a tour of southern France and Italy, not staying in any one location for terribly long. He even visited Garibaldi in the latter's home briefly. He returned taking a route via Switzerland, visiting Geneva along the way.
Because of his transitory nature at this time AND the fact that he was not conducting business other than that of a tourist, it is highly likely mail was held for him during this period. An alternative, of course, is that a courier carried a packet of letters to some location at a mid-point in his travels, but there can be no proof of that unless there are hints in the Memoir.
note: photo of Bartlett taken from the front of his Memoir as scanned at the link given in the text above.
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Once again, you have spent some quality time - possibly learning something new - while I share something I enjoy with a Postal History Sunday post. I hope you enjoyed it and that you have a fine remainder of your day
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