Welcome to my version of Halloween for Postal History Sunday on the Genuine Faux Farm blog and cross-posted on the GFF Postal History blog!
I
see you with your Trick or Treat bag. Since I don't have any candy for
you, you'll just have to accept the gift of a blog that features
something I enjoy - postal history! Grab yourself something to drink
and pull out your favorite treat that you've already collected form
other houses. Or, if you celebrate Dia de los Muertos, consider that
one of the things we do here is visit the past and the lives our
ancestors by exploring the items that once carried communications
between them.
Either way, I welcome you and I hope you enjoy what follows.
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The
ugly and occasionally scary side of hobbies like postal history is that
sometimes items are offered to collectors that are not what they seem
to be. Paintings have their forgers, rare wines are faked and even designer handbags have sites that tell you how to tell the real from the fake.
There
are individuals who have manipulated and modified pieces of postal
history so they look like something that is better than they are. The
hope, of course, is that someone will pay much more than the item was
worth. There are also pieces of postal history that have succumbed to
the ravages of time. They may look like one thing, but be another
simply because the whole story is no longer visible. In this case, no
one purposely altered the cover to make it more valuable, but a
collector might still purchase it thinking they are getting something
that they aren't!
Let's take a quick trip to the scary side of postal history.
Entering the Wading Pool
Sometimes it makes sense to get into the wading pool first, because the sharks like the deeper water.
Over the last several years, I have been attempting to learn more about mail between Western European nations in the period from 1850 to 1875. One of the risks of expanding into a new collecting area is that it is more likely that you will not immediately recognize a good item from one that is... well... not so good (or one that is VERY good).
This is why I set ground rules for myself that reduce the risk and help me to build up the best defenses for any collector - knowledge and experience.
The first rule is to familiarize myself with the most common items
from that region and period of time. Simply looking at, without
buying, images of covers can train my eye to what is normal - and what
is not. Then, if I like what I have been seeing, I can safely add some
of the more common uses, that fit all of the normal characteristics, to
my collection.
The folded letter above is a good example of a cover that represents what most existing artifactsfrom the United Kingdom to Sweden in the 1860s look like. A six penny stamp pays for the single rate of postage. A "PD" marking indicates that the British post counted it as fully paid and a "3d" marking indicated how much of that postage was passed on to Denmark for their share.
After seeing several examples that had
the same characteristics, it felt safe to say that this one would be a
good example of the postal rate and route.
The second rule is to place a strict limit on how much I will pay for any item until I feel I have gained sufficient expertise to "splurge" on something.
I
find this to be a useful approach because I learn rapidly what standard
mails for this period look like. As a result, I am now much better at
recognizing when a cover is different. And, when it is different it may be for one of the following reasons:
- It might be illustrating a different aspect of mail handling for the time that could be very interesting.
- Something is "not right" with an item.
The problem? I am not always certain which of these two things I am observing!
Was One Shilling Enough?
Here is an example of case #2 - something is not right.
This envelope went from the United Kingdom to Sweden in 1862. The are two six-pence stamps that are heavily post-marked. So, my first thought was that it could be an example of a double rate letter - just a heavier version of the first example in this blog post.
But, there were numerous differences in the markings - and the back gave me even more information to tell me that I was not seeing a simple double rate for a letter similar to the first one.
So why did I buy this
if it was not consistent with the first item? Well, that was EXACTLY
why I was interested. It was different! And, the markings all "agreed"
with each other, showing a fairly clear set of travels. Most of it
felt right to me, but I did not, at the time I added this to the
collection, know all of the postage rate options between the British and
Swedish post office. So, I took a gamble at low cost - and I actually
still think I won because I learned so much!
Verso of the cover above. |
What is this item supposed to be?
The
piece of letter mail shown above was mailed in London on June 16, 1862
and arrived in Stockholm, Sweden on June 22 of the same year. The front
of the cover shows markings for London and a very faint marking just
under the stamps that is likely Helsingborg (June 20). The back shows
markings for
Hamburg's mail office on June 18 (the oval) and the Swedish mail office
(rectangle). It is possible some of the blurred markings are the Royal
Danish mail service markings. And, finally, there is a receiving mark
in Stockholm on June 22 (circular marking over the rectangular marking).
The route for this mail, starting in London, shows the letter crossing the channel to Ostende, Belgium. Belgian railways carried the item across the country so it could enter Prussia at Aachen. Prussian railways carried this item to Hamburg.
The Hamburg mail service received the item and then transfered it to the Danish mail office in Hamburg. They, in turn passed the letter on to the Royal Swedish post office in Hamburg. The Swedish post then sent the mail via Danish rail services to Helsingor. From there, crossing the Oresund to Helsingborg (Sweden). At that point, the letter likely went overland to Stockholm.
Here is the front of this letter yet again. Warning! We're about to get into the weeds a bit here!
The "P" in an oval is a British marking indicating the item was prepaid to the destination. There is a red "10" that looks a bit like a "W" over the spot where the "P" in the oval resides. And there is a red "5" at the lower left. What did these numbers mean?
- 10 pence were passed on to the Hamburg mail service.
- Hamburg passed 5 silbergroschen (about 6 pence) to the Scandinavian posts
- Hamburg kept 3 1/2 pence
- Hamburg gave 1/2 penny to the Belgians for their transport
- 4 pence in postage were kept by the British
- they passed an additional 1/2 penny to the Belgians as well.
Ok, back out of the weeds. I told you all of that so I could say this:
The total postage was 14 pence (1 shilling and 2 pence). And there are 12 pence (1 shilling) in postage on this envelope.
Hmmmmmmmm.
To make a long story a little shorter, this is a genuine example of the 1 shilling 2 pence rate to Sweden. But, there appear to be two one penny stamps missing that were once located at the top right.
Alas. And, yet - look at how smart I sound now! Maybe I should not have told you I bought it without knowing the rate of postage in the first place. I could have come across as sounding very wise if I told you I noticed this item and immediately could tell there was a problem.
Well, probably not. But, one can hope.
What were the warning signs?
1. The postage is underpaid, but it appears to have markings for a paid item.
This is why it is important for a postal historian to have knowledge of postal rates.
The
British rate for prepaid mail via the Belgium to Hamburg
route was 1 shilling 2 pence for every half ounce of weight. This was
the normal route for mail to Stockholm from August 1 of 1852 until Dec
31, 1862. The first letter shown in this blog shows the rate AFTER
1862!
When you find an item that clearly has too little postage to cover the postage rate and it was still treated as unpaid, you have a few options:
- the postal clerk made an error
- the sender paid for the remaining amount in cash and the clerk opted to not put stamps on it (maybe they were in a rush to get it into the mail stream)
- at one time, there was enough stamps to pay the postage, but they have fallen off.
2. There are shadows at the upper right that are the right size and shape for 2 additional stamps.
Water activated adhesives on these stamps could release if exposed to moisture over time (it is over 150 years old, you know). It is also possible that the stamps were never very well attached, coming off at some point even as it traveled through the mails - we'll never know for certain.
To
help you see what I am talking about, I enhanced some of the area at
the top right of the cover. You can see what appears to be the shadow
of the edge of a perforated postage stamp where the arrow is pointing in
the image above.
Conclusion
This is a genuine cover with no intentional modifications made. However, two stamps
have fallen off at some point after it was processed as a paid item.
My mistake was not being certain of the rate for a prepaid item via this route to Sweden. I was much more familiar with the rate structure from 1865 to 1875. I took a shot with a guess and I was wrong.
Live and learn!
Experience Pays Off
The
second part of this "horror show" illustrates an item that someone
"improved" at some point in time. I was considering adding this cover
to my collection several years ago, until it became apparent there was a
problem.
My interest in this piece of letter mail from the
United States to Belgium was in the fact that it was forwarded on to
Cherbourg, France after getting to its original destination in Antwerp.
1. Strong Boston transit marking does not tie to the stamp
This is another thing that is hard to show on a blog. But, as a
piece of postal history ages, evidence that there once was something on
the envelope but is no longer there shows up. Just like the British
item that was missing two stamps, there is a bit of shadowing that shows
us there was another stamp on this cover - and it is NOT the 3 cent
stamp we see here.
Thank you again for joining me for Postal History Sunday. I hope you enjoyed a slightly different look at the hobby I appreciate.
Have a great remainder of your day and a good week to come.
Always enjoy reading your posts. Quick question: do you have a good source for the Danish mail route shown on your map?
ReplyDeleteMason,
DeleteThanks for pointing this out. I forgot to add a resources section this time around! There was no one source, but the book by Moubray provided most of the information and I combined it with period maps showing available rail routes. I'll add more detail - in fact, this may actually become another PHS article as this is a worthwhile topic.
Best,
Rob
Thanks Rob, I ask because I am have been acquiring Danish postal history for a year or 2 now with the idea of putting an exhibit together. I've always been curious about how a nation of lots of islands gets the mail from A to B.
DeleteI'm sure you've found this, but just in case, The Library of Congress has 2 maps showing rail lines in Europe in the 1860s. Here is one https://www.loc.gov/item/2015591061/ which seems to indicate that rail lines stopped at Kiel and Flensburg, then I assume mail(and passengers) went by boat to the island Copenhagen is on(Seeland). There is a railroad indicated on Seeland connecting the port of Korsor and Copenhagen.
Mason, Thanks for pointing me to those maps. Yes, I have seen those. Kiel is one of a couple of locations where mail often went before it took to steamship. At issue would be the actual dates when some of the Danish rail lines became active. The key with the item shown above is the Helsingborg marking which should indicate the crossing from Helsingor. However, It sounds like Danish mail routes during this period is a bit of a black hole for many postal historians. Let's agree to help each other on this.
DeleteBest,
Rob
Very well done!
ReplyDeleteOne thought....most good dealers, and collectors, will refund money if an item is "not as sold." This applies to higher cost items and not things that are, say, below a couple of hundred dollars. Much "deceit" stems from a lack of knowledge on the seller's part.
You are correct - twice, in my opinion. Most people involved in the hobby follow a code of honor/integrity. And, yes, there is so much ground to cover that it is impossible for any one seller to be aware of all aspects of postal history. Often, professional postal history dealers will acquire large lots and, in order to get new material in their stock quickly, they may only do a cursory look at some items before putting a lower price on them and making them available. Such was the case with the first item, in my opinion. The second item was removed from stock after discussion (several years ago). The dealer of that item was not entirely pleasant about it, but I think it was more irritation that they didn't see it before putting it out for sale. I will say this - I take no pleasure in pointing out problems with items when the person who has it in their possession thinks they have something better than it is. But, it still needs to be done if you have the specialized knowledge to identify the issue.
DeleteBest,
Rob