My origins as a postal historian have roots in my early interest in collecting postage stamps (philately). As a kid on a shoestring budget, my first source of stamps for collecting came from mail items that my family received, closely followed by stamps torn from covers that were saved by relatives. The postal historian in me shudders that I may well have been responsible for the destruction of some interesting covers. But, if it were not for the willingness of people to at least salvage the stamps on my behalf, I may never have explored postal history at all.
With my limited income, I could still go down to either the music store, which had some stamps and supplies for collectors, or the "five and dime," and periodically pick up a packet of mixed stamps. On those days I could be found spending way too much time trying to pick the packet that had the most "new to me" stamps visible in the envelope through its clear window. I even "splurged" one day for a BAG of stamps.
That bag introduced me to the thought that not all stamps have the same value to a collector. Especially when your bag of 1000 stamps had about fifty exciting and new stamps and then multiple copies of other, less exciting, stamps. For example, there had to be at least one hundred of the three-cent purple Jefferson stamps of the 1938 Presidential Series, which was produced through 1954. Let's just say there was a significant amount of "buyer's remorse" after that purchase.
The three-cent purple stamp paid the most common postal rate for a simple letter mailed within the United States. Which means, of course, there were (and still are) lots and lots of covers featuring this stamp - like the one shown below:
This cover is actually a pretty nice looking example of a typical simple internal letter paying the 3-cent rate for the United States. The cover is in good repair. The markings are all clear. The address and return address are easy to read. The postage stamp has a nice color, is well centered, and in good repair. Even the envelope is a nice shade of blue rather than a dingy white.
But, it still has that darned purple fire starter!
My partner, Tammy, joked many years ago that we should take the hundreds and hundreds of copies of this stamp I had in shoe boxes, bundle them up and use them to start fires. Or, maybe we could dip them in wax and make candles out of them. And, I'll tell you that the disappointed young collector wasn't entirely upset by this suggestion. But, the collector in me always balks - because you never know when you might find something special.
Other Fire Starters
Postal history is not immune to the concept of "fire starters." The most common piece of saved mail will be a simple letter that shows a typical use of the most common stamp and/or most common markings for that period and place. If there was a reasonable amount of mail volume in the first place, there will most certainly be a class of items that will be plentiful enough to make the collector say, "Oh... another one of.. THOSE."
For example, the 1861 US series of stamps I favor also features a three-cent stamp that paid the rate for a simple domestic letter. There are lots of examples of this stamp on cover that survive today - even after 160 years. If you wanted to add a piece of real history in the form of an old envelope, you could do so for very little cost. In fact, if you're not picky about how it looks, there are people who might happily gift one to you if you showed real interest.
So, why would someone want to pay attention to them in the first place? What makes one of these fire starters worth attention?
For the 1861 cover shown above, you might notice that it is also a clean and well preserved cover, despite its age. That, in itself, is a good start. The color shade of the stamp provides some interest, as do the blue postmarks. And maybe the addressee is of interest. In short, there are many ways a piece of postal history can get our attention - even if it is associated with something that can be found in abundance.
Exceptions to the rule
Just because a three-cent purple Jefferson is associated with the most common type of US domestic mail in the 1940s, it could still be used in combination with other stamps. For example, here is a 1947 envelope that includes a Special Delivery stamp that was intended to pay for additional services.
Once again, the cover is in good shape and it looks pretty nice. But, there is also the possibility that there is more story to be told with this item.
Then there is this letter that was mailed from Des Moines, Iowa, in 1941 to Venezuela. This letter took the more expensive Air Mail services to speed its delivery. It was also inspected by a censor on August 5, with World War II actively engaged - even if the US was not directly involved at the time.
Once again, this letter clearly has more going on than a simple domestic letter. Even if you are not a postal historian, you would probably notice this envelope if it were in a pile of covers that looked like the first one I showed for this article.
But, what if I show you this one?
Yes. It's a simple, domestic letter. It has that darned fire starter stamp on it. If it were in that same pile of covers, you might not notice it if you quickly flipped through everything - because, for the most part, there's nothing that easily makes it stand out.
But this envelope is part of a very important story that is part of United States World War II history.
Executive Order 9066
On February 19, 1942, President Franklin D Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066. This order directed the War Department to establish "military areas" where anyone could be excluded from access. This action came about due to increasing public pressure based on growing anti-Japanese hysteria. Top government officials, such as Attorney General Biddle and Secretary of War Stimson did not necessarily feel the move was a good one and worried that it might not be legal. But, those who insisted the policy was needed to ensure public safety on the West Coast convinced them to recommend the action to the President.
Executive Order 9066 allowed the military the power to remove persons of Japanese descent from California, Oregon and Washington. The War Relocation Authority was created and a system of Assembly and Relocation Centers were created. Most Assembly Centers were fairgrounds and racetracks on the West Coast. Santa Anita Park, an equestrian racetrack in southern California, temporarily housed detainee families in horse stalls.
There were ten Relocation Centers that are more accurately described as prison camps. While each camp included schools, post offices, work facilities and land to grow food, they were also surrounded by barbed wire and guard towers. Those who were labeled as dissidents were sent to a special prison camp in Tule Lake, California. Two camps were located on Native American reservations despite protests of the tribal councils there.
By August of 1942, approximately 112,000 persons were sent to the Assembly Centers for processing to the Relocation Centers. Two-thirds of these people were citizens of the United States and had not been charged with disloyalty to the US. Still, they had no mechanism to appeal their detention and loss of property. They were forced to leave homes, jobs, businesses and communities, along with most of their possessions, and when they returned at war's end, many found what they had left behind was gone.
Heart Mountain
One of the prison camps was located in Wyoming at Heart Mountain. This Relocation Center consisted of a 740 acre site that included 650 buildings (450 barracks) and was surrounded by barbed wire and nine guard towers. At its peak, over ten thousand people were confined at this camp and those incarcerated there grew their own food on 1,100 acres of nearby land.
Barracks were laid out in blocks separated by unpaved roads. Kiyoshi Honda, our letter writer, lived in Block 17, according to his return address. Each block consisted of 24 barracks, two mess halls, two latrine buildings, laundry facilities and two recreation buildings. The address "Block 17 - 3 - B" identified the writer's barracks building.
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| Heart Mountain Internment Camp - from Univ of Wyoming / American Heritage Center |
There are several resources that discuss the history and events surrounding the imprisonment of Japanese peoples during World War II in the United States, but the best resource I have found thus far is the Densho Encyclopedia. I strongly advise interested readers to visit that site, which includes recorded oral histories in addition to images and other materials. Much of the details that follow for both Heart Mountain and Camp Amache were gleaned from their materials.
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| From Densho Encyclopedia - viewed 1/6/24 |
The location for the Heart Mountain site was not selected for habitability. Instead, the location was intended to isolate the internees from the rest of the population. The land was barren and unwelcoming, especially considering where most detainees had lived prior to their arrival at Heart Mountain.
The Heart Mountain site started rapid and slipshod construction of the necessary buildings in June of 1942. While around 2000 people were employed in the building process, construction experience was deemed unnecessary - if you could drive a nail with a hammer, you qualified. While construction of over 500 buildings were completed by August, most were poorly suited to withstand the extreme weather typical for Wyoming. Doors and windows were often poorly installed and would not close completely. Detainees began arriving in mid-August and did what they could by hanging spare sheets and stuffing cracks with rags and newspapers.
The Heart Mountain prison camp is known for the acts of protest undertaken by members of the detainee population. Rather than paraphrase, I thought the following from the Densho Encyclopedia would serve well:
"The latent antagonism between Caucasian authorities and inmates came to boil ... when military police arrested 32 young children for sledding outside of camp boundaries. Although the children were released to their parents, inmates were quick to condemn the treatment of the children by the police. Amidst rising tension the army attempted to recruit volunteer workers to construct a barbed wire fence around the perimeter of the camp. The majority of working-age men went on strike, refusing to participate in the project. They questioned the army's justification for erecting the fence; namely the attempt to keep stray cattle from entering the campgrounds. Three thousand inmates signed a petition "charging that the fence proved that Heart Mountain was indeed a 'concentration camp' and that the evacuees were 'prisoners of war.'"
Of course, there was an effort by government to use semantics to justify the forced removal of these people from the West Coast while still making it sound less like they were actual prisoners. Detainees at Heart Mountain were clearly aware of the picture being painted in the press that worked to put a good face on the matter and they were not willing to accept that without a struggle.
Camp Amache
Camp Amache, also known as the Granada Relocation Center, is located near the towns of Granada and Lamar, Colorado. This Relocation Center provides an interesting contrast to Heart Mountain. Colorado's Governor Ralph Carr was the only western governor to support the establishment of a Relocation Center in his state. The administrators of Camp Amache were, in general, considered to "have a deep regard for fairness" and some of the teachers petitioned to move to the camp so they could better serve their students.
The agricultural efforts of the detainees were fairly successful, producing over 4 million pounds of produce in 1943 alone. The camp even had a silk screen printing shop. Established in June of 1943, the Amache silkscreen shop produced over 250,000 color posters under a contract with the US Navy.
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| Camp Amache - from National Park Service |
The sender of this letter, Sam Okubara, actually served in the US Army after World War II in Japan as a language instructor (presumably teaching the Japanese the English language). The relatively "friendly" conditions at Camp Amache correlated with higher numbers of volunteers for military service.
The following also comes from the Densho Encyclopedia:
"A total of 953 men and women from Amache volunteered or were drafted for military service during WWII. Of this number, 105 were wounded and 31 killed in action. Among those killed was Kiyoshi Muranaga who was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor . However, not all Amacheans responded favorably to the notice for induction into the military. Thirty-one men from Amache were tried for draft evasion, found guilty, and sent to prison in Tucson, Arizona."
I think it is important to point out that, while Japanese people in these camps were denied their freedoms, they were still subject to being drafted for military service. I don't think it takes too much imagination to understand why many of those drafted would be inclined to say "no" and accept the punishment of doing so in protest.
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| Okubara family in mess hall - from Mill Valley Public Library |
The Okubara family was forcibly removed from their home in Mill Valley, California in April of 1942. The Spring 2019 Mill Valley Historical Society Review features the story of the removal of Japanese citizens, including the Okubaras. The Mill Valley Public Library includes images of the family, including the one shown above. Sam can be seen as the second person from the right (in uniform). Sam's parents, Tora and Harry can be seen at the left.
While Tora would die from heart failure at the camp in 1945, both Sam and his father would return to Mill Valley at the end of World War II. Sam would then depart to serve in Japan soon after. The story in the Mill Valley Historical Society Review is worth a read if you want to get a better flavor of events for that community.
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| Granada Pioneer - from Library of Congress |
While detainees found themselves in less than desirable situations, they still did what they could to build community. Many of the camps created their own newspapers as evidenced by the masthead of a May, 1944 edition of the Granada Pioneer (Camp Amache) shown above. Reading the contents of these papers show the tensions that reflect the rejection of their loyalty to the land in which they lived and their connections to their homeland or the homeland of their ancestors. They also reflect what was likely a wide range of opinions regarding how they should react within the population of prisoners in these camps.
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The Granada Pioneer had its start as a camp bulletin that began publication on October 14, 1942. In that issue, it becomes clear that the addition of several thousand people to a small, rural population did not come without significant strain on the existing communities. One article makes note (shown above at left) that the rural Granada post office struggled to handle the sudden boom in mail volume. Another mentions that passes to shop in Lamar were not going to be offered because internees had cleaned off the merchants shelves, leaving nothing for the local farmers. Subsequent bulletins for the next week indicate that rapid adjustments were being made and the Lamar Chamber of Commerce was now courting business from those at Camp Amache.
While the War Relocation Authority named this the Grenada Relocation Center, the US Post Offices recognition of the name Amache seems to have resulted in the latter name receiving more use. By the time this letter was sent, the post office in the camp had its own cancellation device, though I expect it was in use sooner than this.
And finally, you might notice that both envelopes were addressed to the newspaper named the Denver Post. Sam Okubara's letter may well have contained payment for a newspaper subscription since his letter was addressed to the subscription office. However, a very faint marking on that envelope indicates that it was in the Steno Department on the 17th of October.
And that is how two of what must be many fairly common-looking covers elevate themselves well above firestarter status. They shine a light, without being subjected to burning, on a time in history that we should contemplate and learn from. Thank you for joining me today. I hope you have a fine remainder of your day and an excellent week to come.
Bonus Material - the Prexies
The 1938 Presidential Series is often referred to by philatelists as the Prexie Series or the Prexies. And, of course, there are people who love to collect and explore the history and postal history that surrounds them. The United States Stamp Society has a nice overview of the entire issue that you can look at if you want to learn more. This online exhibit by Hal Klein can give you an overview of the rates these stamps could pay.
If you like even MORE detail about the stamps and their production, you can go to this page on the Stamp Smarter site. It is here that you might notice the stamp production numbers for each denomination. The three-cent Jefferson had a total production level of 130 BILLION copies during the 1938-54 period. The next highest production number for a denomination in this issue is about a quarter of that. Now you might get an idea of why there are so many of them out there.
Yet, despite the relatively common occurrence of this particular stamp, a person can find truly interesting, and very worthwhile, things.
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Postal History Sunday is published each week at both the Genuine Faux Farm blog and the GFF Postal History blog. If you are interested in prior entries, you can view them, starting with the most recent, at this location.
Given the date and shade of your 3 cent 1861 on cover, I would check to see if it is a rose pink.
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