Greetings and welcome to Postal History Sunday on the GFF Postal History Blog. This is cross-posted from the Genuine Faux Farm blog, which may be the only place where you can read about snow one day, reusing legal pads the next, interplanting vegetable crops after that and THEN postal history!
Tuck those worries into the trash can and take them out for your mother, your spouse or yourself and then come back and maybe learn something new. Put on some fuzzy slippers. Get yourself a beverage of your choice. And let's see where we can take you this week.
Paying the Postage - Sort of
We're going to start with a letter that was mailed in August of 1866 from Bordeaux, France to Jerez de la Frontera (near Cadiz), Spain. The sender paid the postage for a single weight letter, but it was found to be too heavy and required more postage.
Just last week,
we showed a series of items that traveled from the United States to the
United Kingdom. Several of those items did not have enough postage -
so they were treated as if they were completely unpaid. The French and
Spanish had a different sort of agreement. This agreement at least
provided for some credit when a person put postage on an item - even if
it was not enough postage.
The postal convention between these two countries was put into effect on February 1, 1860 and to make matters simple for explanation, the basics were as follows:
If someone in France wanted to mail a letter to Spain, they would have to pay 40 centimes (French currency) for every 7.5 grams of weight. If someone in Spain wanted to mail a letter to France, they would have to pay 12 cuartos (Spanish currency) for every 4 adarmes in weight (4 adarmes is about 7 grams).
Do you see a possible problem? I sure do! Technically, an item that weighed 7.2 grams would be light enough for a single rate in France, but it would require a double rate in Spain. Clearly a recipe for potential problems.
The treaty also allowed people to send letters UNPAID. If they opted for this service, the recipient would have to pay a different rate to receive their letter. If a Spaniard received an unpaid letter from France, they would have to pay 18 cuartos for every 4 adarmes in weight.
So, what happened if a person paid for a letter that they thought was light enough for a single rate letter (40 centimes), but it actually required double rate postage? Well, we get to find out because that is exactly what happened with this letter.
Apparently, the French post office was aware that this item weighed too much, so they put the red boxed handstamp on the cover which reads "Affranchissement Insuffisant" (insufficient postage). I believe it was the French traveling post office on the train to Irun that calculated the amount due and put the big red "24" on the front of the cover.
Hm,
so the recipient in Jerez had to pay 24 cuartos for the honor of
receiving this letter, even though their correspondent thought they had
paid enough. Why? It weighed more than 7 grams and no more than 7.5
grams.
Unpaid rate of mail from France to Spain was 18 cuartos / 4 adarmes
Double this amount due = 36 cuartos
Less amount paid = 12 cuartos (equal to 40 centimes in French postage already paid)
Total due = 24 cuartos
And there you have it. Underpaid mail was penalized for failure to prepay the service properly by charging the unpaid mail rate to calculate the total fee due. However, unlike many other mail agreements of the time, this one actually gave some credit for the attempt to prepay the postage.
If you would like to read more about this particular item, I have more detail on the GFF Postal History Blog.
Upping the Ante
In this case, the letter was mailed as a double rate letter from
Marseille, France to Madrid, Spain. Unfortunately for the recipient,
the letter was found to be underpaid and they were required to pay 30
cuartos to receive this piece of mail.
Once again, the red box with "Affranchissement Insuffisant" was applied to indicate that the postage was insufficient to pay for the letter to get to the destination without further payment. The bold, red "30" indicated that 30 cuartos were due at delivery.
Just as a reminder, the process for short paid mail between France and Spain at the time was to determine the postage by using the higher UNPAID mail rate. Once that amount is calculated, credit is given for the amount of postage paid.
The
weight of this item was greater than 8 adarmes (roughly 14 grams) and
no more than 15 grams. This explains why the person mailing thought 80
centimes was enough. After all, that was the correct amount by the
French calculation (40 centimes for every 7.5 grams). But, if it
weighed 14.5 grams, the Spanish weren't going to see it that way because
they expected a rate for every 7 grams!
Once again, unpaid mail from France to Spain is charged 18 cuartos for every 4 adarmes in weight.
Triple rate due = 54 cuartos
Less amount paid = 24 cuartos (80 centimes in France)
Total due = 30 cuartos
If you would like to read a bit more about this cover, you can go here.
It Wasn't Just France and Spain
Ok, maybe it has something to do with France... Here is a letter sent from Bar-le-Duc, France to Padove, Venetia in 1865. At this time, Venetia was under Austrian control, which means the postage rates to Venetia were the same as those for letters sent to Austria, but not the same as rates to Italy.
Why does that matter?
A person had to pay 40 cents for every 10 grams to mail a letter to Italy in 1865, but a letter to Austria would cost 60 cents for every 10 grams.
I could certainly make things more complex by telling you that the Austrians used yet another weight measurement (1 loth was about 16 grams), but that doesn't come into play with this item. It is far more likely that the sender simply identified Padova as a part of Italy rather than Austria. But, the good news for them was that the French and Austrians also agreed that postage paid - even if it was not enough - should count for something.
Just like the agreement with Spain, Austria and France had separate rates for paid and unpaid letters. The prepaid rate was 60 centimes per 10 ounces and the unpaid letter rate was 80 centimes.
Single Rate due for unpaid letter = 80 centimes
Postage paid = 40 centimes
Difference due = 40 centimes
Convert to Austrian kreuzer = 16 kreuzer due
After
awhile, you start to recognize that the postal clerks that handled
foreign mail throughout the world in the 1860s had a job that was a bit
more complex than you might expect.
No Explanation for This One!
In each of the three previous examples, it wasn't too hard to speculate as to why the sender applied the wrong amount of postage. In fact, I think it would be safe to say that the sender likely thought they had done everything correctly to avoid having the recipient pay any extra money. But, I can find no such explanation for the letter above that was sent from Paris, France to Vienna, Austria in 1875.
The rate was still 60 centimes per 10 grams, though it was soon to change for a lower amount with the General Postal Union. The sender attached a 40 centime stamp and a 15 centime stamp, totaling 55 centimes.
The postal clerks didn't care what the reason was, they just simply marked it as short paid (red marking at top right), wrote the expected amount in pencil (_60) and calculated the amount due from the recipient (a blue 10 in a circle).
Unpaid letter rate = 80 centimes / 10 grams
Postage paid = 55 centimes
Difference due = 25 centimes
Convert to Austrian kreuzer = 10 kreuzer due
Why a Different Rate for Unpaid Mail?
With the invention of the postage stamp (the British issued the first one in 1840), the idea that letters should be prepaid in full, rather than sent collect (or partially paid) gained strength. It was not at all uncommon for recipients to simply refuse mail rather than pay for it. This was especially true with the extremely high rates of postage required for items that had some distance to travel.
It should not be surprising that postal services would rather receive payment up front rather than risk receiving no compensation for services rendered. To encourage prepayment, many postal services offered lower rates for prepayment, while others simply added an additional fee for underpaid or unpaid mail.
And, there you have it! Another Postal History Sunday in the books!
I hope you enjoyed reading about something new and that you have a good remainder of the weekend and see good things throughout the coming week.
For those who would like to explore other Postal History Sunday posts, please check out the Postal History Sunday tag on this blog.
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